EMBEDDED SYSTEM
Covered Topics: The Typical Embedded System: Sensors & Actuators, Communication Interface, Embedded Firmware, Other System Components, PCB and Passive Components. Characteristics of an Embedded System, Quality Attributes of Embedded Systems. Embedded Systems Application and Domain Specific Examples: Washing machine, Automotive.
UNIT 2-: The Typical Embedded System:
Sensors & Actuators
Sensors and actuators are essential components in embedded systems, working together to enable these systems to sense the environment, gather information, and respond to that information by performing physical actions. Let's explore the roles and characteristics of sensors and actuators:
Sensors:
Definition: Sensors are devices that convert physical quantities or environmental conditions into electrical signals or digital data that can be processed by an embedded system.
Types:
1. **Temperature Sensors:** Measure temperature and convert it into an electrical signal.
2. **Accelerometers and Gyroscopes:** Detect acceleration and angular velocity, respectively, commonly used in motion sensing applications.
3. **Proximity Sensors:** Detect the presence or absence of an object without physical contact.
4. **Pressure Sensors:** Measure pressure changes in gases or liquids.
5. **Light Sensors (Photodetectors):** Detect light intensity or ambient light levels.
6. **Infrared Sensors:** Detect infrared radiation, often used in motion detection or temperature measurement.
7. **Humidity Sensors:** Measure the moisture content in the environment.
8. **Biometric Sensors:** Capture and measure physiological or behavioral characteristics, such as fingerprint or heart rate sensors.
**Applications:**
- Environmental monitoring
- Industrial automation
- Healthcare devices
- Automotive systems (e.g., parking sensors)
- Consumer electronics (e.g., smartphones, wearables)
Actuators:
**Definition:** Actuators are devices that convert electrical signals or digital commands from an embedded system into physical actions or movements.
**Types:**
1. **Motors:** Convert electrical energy into mechanical motion. Types include DC motors, stepper motors, and servo motors.
2. **Solenoids:** Generate linear motion by electromagnetic forces.
3. **Valves:** Control the flow of liquids or gases.
4. **LEDs (Light-Emitting Diodes):** Emit light when an electrical current is applied.
5. **Buzzers and Speakers:** Generate sound waves.
6. **Display Actuators:** Control the movement of display components in devices like e-readers or digital signage.
7. **Heaters and Coolers:** Control temperature by generating heat or cooling.
**Applications:**
- Robotics and automation
- Automotive systems (e.g., power windows, door locks)
- HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) systems
- Smart home devices
- Medical devices (e.g., insulin pumps)
### Interaction in Embedded Systems:
1. **Sensing:** Sensors detect changes in the environment or physical quantities.
2. **Data Processing:** The embedded system processes the sensor data to make decisions or trigger actions.
3. **Actuation:** Actuators respond to the processed data by performing physical actions, such as moving a motor, turning on a light, or adjusting a valve.
Sensors and actuators work in tandem to enable embedded systems to sense, process, and act upon their environment, playing a crucial role in a wide range of applications across various industries.
Communication Interface
Communication interfaces in embedded systems play a crucial role in enabling the exchange of information between different components, devices, or systems. Here are some common communication interfaces used in embedded systems:
1. **UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver-Transmitter):**
- *Description:* UART is a serial communication protocol that uses two wires for data transmission: one for sending data (TX) and one for receiving data (RX).
- *Applications:* UART is commonly used for point-to-point communication between devices, such as microcontrollers, sensors, and other peripherals.
2. **SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface):**
- *Description:* SPI is a synchronous serial communication protocol that uses multiple wires for communication: MOSI (Master Out Slave In), MISO (Master In Slave Out), SCLK (Serial Clock), and SS/CS (Slave Select/Chip Select).
- *Applications:* SPI is often used for communication between microcontrollers and peripheral devices like sensors, displays, and memory chips.
3. **I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit):**
- *Description:* I2C is a synchronous, multi-master, multi-slave, packet-switched serial communication protocol. It uses two wires: SDA (Serial Data Line) and SCL (Serial Clock Line).
- *Applications:* I2C is widely used for communication between integrated circuits, sensors, and other devices with relatively low data transfer rates.
4. **CAN (Controller Area Network):**
- *Description:* CAN is a robust, multi-master, serial communication protocol designed for real-time applications. It is commonly used in automotive and industrial systems.
- *Applications:* CAN is used for communication between electronic control units (ECUs) in vehicles, industrial automation systems, and other applications requiring reliability and real-time capabilities.
5. **Ethernet:**
- *Description:* Ethernet is a widely used communication standard in embedded systems that allows devices to connect to local area networks (LANs).
- *Applications:* Ethernet is used for communication in various embedded systems, including IoT devices, industrial automation, and networked applications.
6. **Bluetooth:**
- *Description:* Bluetooth is a wireless communication protocol that allows short-range communication between devices.
- *Applications:* Bluetooth is commonly used in embedded systems for wireless communication between devices such as smartphones, wearables, and IoT devices.
7. **Wi-Fi:**
- *Description:* Wi-Fi enables wireless communication and networking, allowing devices to connect to local area networks and the internet.
- *Applications:* Wi-Fi is used in embedded systems for applications requiring high-speed wireless data transfer, such as smart home devices and IoT applications.
Understanding and choosing the appropriate communication interface is crucial in embedded system design, as it influences factors such as data transfer rates, distance, power consumption, and the overall functionality of the system.
Embedded Firmware
Embedded firmware is a type of software that is specifically designed to run on embedded systems, which are specialized computing devices dedicated to specific functions within a larger system or product. Firmware serves as the interface between the hardware and higher-level software applications, providing the necessary control and functionality for the embedded system. Here are key aspects related to embedded firmware:
1. **Definition:**
- *Embedded Firmware:* It is a set of instructions or code that is stored in non-volatile memory (such as flash memory) on the embedded system's hardware. This code is responsible for controlling the hardware components and facilitating the execution of tasks specific to the embedded system's function.
2. **Characteristics:**
- *Low-Level Control:* Embedded firmware operates at a lower level than traditional software, directly interacting with the hardware components of the embedded system.
- *Fixed Functionality:* The functionality of embedded firmware is often fixed and tailored to the specific requirements of the embedded system. Changes may require updating the firmware.
- *Efficiency:* Embedded firmware is optimized for performance and efficiency, as embedded systems often have resource constraints such as limited processing power and memory.
3. **Roles of Embedded Firmware:**
- *Hardware Control:* Firmware manages and controls the operation of hardware components, including microcontrollers, sensors, actuators, and communication interfaces.
- *Initialization:* It initializes and configures hardware during the startup process, ensuring that the system is in a known state.
- *Task Execution:* Embedded firmware executes specific tasks or functions based on the requirements of the embedded system.
- *Communication:* Firmware facilitates communication between different components within the embedded system and, in some cases, with external systems.
4. **Development and Programming:**
- *Programming Languages:* Embedded firmware is often written in low-level programming languages such as C or assembly language to achieve efficient code execution.
- *Toolchains:* Development involves the use of specialized toolchains, compilers, and debugging tools tailored for the target hardware architecture.
5. **Updating Firmware:**
- *Flash Memory:* Firmware is typically stored in non-volatile memory, such as flash memory, allowing it to persist even when power is turned off.
- *Firmware Updates:* Updating firmware may be necessary to fix bugs, add new features, or address security vulnerabilities. Firmware updates are often performed using specialized tools or through a network connection.
6. **Examples of Embedded Firmware:**
- *BIOS/UEFI:* Firmware in a computer's Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) or Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI).
- *Microcontroller Firmware:* The code running on microcontrollers in devices like washing machines, thermostats, or automotive control systems.
- *Embedded Operating Systems:* Some embedded systems use firmware to control the interaction with embedded operating systems.
Embedded firmware is a critical component in the design and functionality of embedded systems, and its efficient and reliable operation is essential for the overall performance of the embedded device or system.
Other System Components
In addition to the core components like the microcontroller or microprocessor, memory, sensors, and actuators, embedded systems often include various other components that contribute to their functionality and performance. Here are some additional system components commonly found in embedded systems:
1. **Power Supply:**
- *Function:* Provides the necessary electrical power to the embedded system.
- *Types:* Batteries, power adapters, power management circuits.
2. **Clock Source:**
- *Function:* Provides a timing reference for the system's operation, synchronizing the activities of various components.
- *Types:* Crystal oscillators, clock generators.
3. **Real-Time Clock (RTC):**
- *Function:* Maintains accurate timekeeping, even when the system is powered off.
- *Use Cases:* Timestamping events, scheduling tasks.
4. **Watchdog Timer:**
- *Function:* Monitors the system for malfunctions or failures and resets it if necessary.
- *Use Cases:* Ensures system stability and reliability.
5. **User Interface Components:**
- *Function:* Allows interaction with the embedded system.
- *Examples:* Buttons, touchscreens, displays (LCD, LED), indicators (LEDs).
6. **External Communication Modules:**
- *Function:* Facilitate communication with external devices or networks.
- *Examples:* Ethernet controllers, Wi-Fi modules, Bluetooth modules.
7. **Storage Devices:**
- *Function:* Store data persistently.
- *Examples:* Flash memory, EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory), SD cards.
8. **Security Components:**
- *Function:* Protects the embedded system from unauthorized access or tampering.
- *Examples:* Security chips, encryption modules.
9. **Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADC):**
- *Function:* Converts analog signals from sensors into digital values for processing.
- *Use Cases:* Reading analog sensor values, environmental monitoring.
10. **Digital-to-Analog Converters (DAC):**
- *Function:* Converts digital signals into analog voltages or currents.
- *Use Cases:* Generating analog signals for output devices.
11. **Filters and Signal Conditioning Circuits:**
- *Function:* Preprocesses signals to improve their quality or remove unwanted noise.
- *Use Cases:* Signal filtering, amplification.
12. **Temperature Sensors:**
- *Function:* Measures the temperature of the system or its surroundings.
- *Use Cases:* Environmental monitoring, thermal management.
13. **Reset Circuitry:**
- *Function:* Manages the system's reset behavior.
- *Use Cases:* Ensures proper initialization and recovery after system events.
14. **Debugging and Programming Interfaces:**
- *Function:* Facilitate the development, testing, and programming of the embedded system.
- *Examples:* JTAG (Joint Test Action Group) interfaces, debugging ports.
These additional components contribute to the overall functionality, reliability, and performance of embedded systems. The selection and integration of these components depend on the specific requirements of the embedded application.
PCB and Passive Components.
Printed Circuit Board (PCB) and passive components are integral parts of embedded systems, providing the physical structure and essential electronic elements for the construction and functionality of electronic devices. Let's explore their roles and characteristics:
### Printed Circuit Board (PCB):
1. **Definition:**
- *PCB:* A PCB is a flat board made of non-conductive material (typically fiberglass or composite materials) on which electronic components are mounted and interconnected with conductive traces.
2. **Roles and Functions:**
- *Component Mounting:* PCBs provide a platform for mounting various electronic components, including microcontrollers, sensors, resistors, and integrated circuits.
- *Interconnection:* Conductive traces on the PCB create a network that connects the various components, allowing them to communicate and work together.
- *Mechanical Support:* PCBs offer structural support to the components and facilitate easy integration into larger electronic systems or devices.
- *Space Optimization:* PCBs allow for a compact arrangement of components, optimizing space and enabling the miniaturization of electronic devices.
3. **Types of PCBs:**
- *Single-Layer PCB:* Contains a single layer of conductive material (typically copper) on one side of the board.
- *Double-Layer PCB:* Consists of conductive layers on both sides of the board.
- *Multilayer PCB:* Contains multiple layers of conductive material separated by insulating layers. Common in complex electronic devices.
4. **PCB Design Considerations:**
- *Trace Layout:* The arrangement of traces affects signal integrity and electromagnetic interference (EMI).
- *Component Placement:* Strategic placement of components optimizes signal paths and facilitates heat dissipation.
- *Layer Stackup:* Determines the arrangement and thickness of layers in a multilayer PCB.
- *Through-Hole vs. Surface Mount:* Different mounting techniques for components.
### Passive Components:
Passive components are electronic components that do not require an external power source to perform their function. They play crucial roles in shaping the electrical characteristics of a circuit.
1. **Resistors:**
- *Function:* Resistors limit the flow of electric current in a circuit.
- *Types:* Fixed resistors, variable resistors (potentiometers).
2. **Capacitors:**
- *Function:* Capacitors store and release electrical energy. They can filter signals, smooth voltage fluctuations, and store charge.
- *Types:* Electrolytic capacitors, ceramic capacitors, film capacitors.
3. **Inductors:**
- *Function:* Inductors store energy in a magnetic field when current flows through them. They resist changes in current.
- *Types:* Coils, chokes.
4. **Diodes:**
- *Function:* Diodes allow current to flow in one direction only, acting as one-way valves for electrical current.
- *Types:* Light-emitting diodes (LEDs), Schottky diodes, zener diodes.
5. **Transformers:**
- *Function:* Transformers transfer electrical energy between two or more circuits through electromagnetic induction.
- *Applications:* Voltage transformation, isolation.
6. **Resonators and Oscillators:**
- *Function:* Generate oscillations or resonant frequencies.
- *Applications:* Clock generation, frequency synthesis.
7. **Filters:**
- *Function:* Filters selectively allow or block specific frequencies in a circuit.
- *Types:* Low-pass filters, high-pass filters, band-pass filters.
8. **Connectors:**
- *Function:* Connectors provide physical interfaces for connecting different components or external devices to the embedded system.
- *Examples:* USB connectors, header pins.
Both PCBs and passive components are fundamental to the construction and operation of electronic devices, including embedded systems. Understanding their roles, characteristics, and design considerations is essential for effective embedded system development.
Characteristics of an Embedded System
Embedded systems have distinct characteristics that set them apart from general-purpose computing systems. These characteristics highlight the specific requirements and design considerations for embedded systems. Here are key characteristics of embedded systems:
1. **Dedicated Functionality:**
- *Definition:* Embedded systems are designed for specific tasks or functions within a larger system.
- *Example:* A microcontroller in a washing machine is dedicated to controlling and monitoring the washing process.
2. **Real-Time Operation:**
- *Definition:* Many embedded systems require real-time operation, where tasks must be completed within specific time constraints.
- *Example:* Automotive control systems need real-time responses for functions like anti-lock braking and airbag deployment.
3. **Resource Constraints:**
- *Definition:* Embedded systems often operate with limited resources, including processing power, memory, and energy.
- *Example:* IoT devices and sensor nodes are constrained by power limitations and may need to operate on battery power.
4. **Fixed Functionality:**
- *Definition:* The functionality of embedded systems is often fixed at the time of design and may not be easily altered.
- *Example:* The firmware in a thermostat controls temperature settings and may have limited user configurability.
5. **Efficiency and Optimization:**
- *Definition:* Embedded systems are optimized for efficiency in terms of power consumption, size, and performance.
- *Example:* In a portable device, the embedded system must balance performance with battery life to ensure optimal usability.
6. **Integration into a Larger System:**
- *Definition:* Embedded systems are typically components within a larger system, interacting with other hardware and software components.
- *Example:* The navigation system in a car is integrated with other systems, such as the engine control unit and entertainment system.
7. **Embedded Software:**
- *Definition:* Embedded systems are accompanied by specialized software, often referred to as firmware, which is closely tied to the hardware.
- *Example:* The firmware in a digital camera controls image processing, user interfaces, and storage functions.
8. **Heterogeneous Components:**
- *Definition:* Embedded systems may include a mix of hardware components such as microcontrollers, sensors, actuators, and communication interfaces.
- *Example:* An industrial automation system may include embedded components like PLCs (Programmable Logic Controllers) and sensors.
9. **Operational Environment:**
- *Definition:* Embedded systems often operate in specific environments with particular conditions and constraints.
- *Example:* Embedded systems in aerospace applications must withstand harsh conditions, including temperature extremes and vibrations.
10. **Reliability and Stability:**
- *Definition:* Embedded systems are designed for high reliability and stability, as they may be deployed in critical applications.
- *Example:* Medical devices, such as pacemakers, require highly reliable embedded systems to ensure patient safety.
11. **Lifecycle Considerations:**
- *Definition:* Embedded systems have long lifecycles, and their design must consider longevity, support, and maintenance.
- *Example:* Industrial control systems may have embedded components that need to operate for many years without frequent updates.
Understanding these characteristics is essential for designing and developing effective embedded systems that meet the specific requirements of their intended applications.
Quality Attributes of Embedded Systems.
Quality attributes, also known as non-functional requirements, are critical aspects that define the overall quality and performance characteristics of embedded systems. These attributes go beyond the functionality of the system and focus on aspects such as reliability, performance, security, and maintainability. Here are key quality attributes of embedded systems:
1. **Reliability:**
- *Definition:* The ability of the embedded system to perform its intended functions consistently and accurately over time.
- *Considerations:* Reliability is crucial in applications where system failure could have serious consequences, such as in medical devices or automotive safety systems.
2. **Performance:**
- *Definition:* The speed and efficiency with which the embedded system performs its functions, including response times and throughput.
- *Considerations:* Performance is critical in real-time embedded systems, such as those used in control systems, where timely responses are essential.
3. **Maintainability:**
- *Definition:* The ease with which the embedded system can be modified, updated, or repaired over its lifecycle.
- *Considerations:* Maintainability is important for systems that may require software updates, feature enhancements, or bug fixes without significant downtime.
4. **Scalability:**
- *Definition:* The ability of the embedded system to handle varying workloads and adapt to changes in system requirements.
- *Considerations:* Scalability is relevant in applications where the system may need to accommodate a growing number of connected devices or users.
5. **Security:**
- *Definition:* The protection of the embedded system against unauthorized access, data breaches, and other security threats.
- *Considerations:* Security is crucial in embedded systems connected to networks (IoT devices), in healthcare applications, and in systems where sensitive data is processed.
6. **Power Efficiency:**
- *Definition:* The ability of the embedded system to operate efficiently with minimal power consumption.
- *Considerations:* Power efficiency is critical in battery-powered devices and other applications where energy conservation is a priority.
7. **Safety:**
- *Definition:* The ability of the embedded system to operate without causing harm to users, the environment, or other systems.
- *Considerations:* Safety is paramount in applications such as automotive systems, medical devices, and industrial control systems.
8. **Availability:**
- *Definition:* The extent to which the embedded system is operational and accessible when needed.
- *Considerations:* High availability is crucial in applications where system downtime could lead to significant disruptions or losses.
9. **Interoperability:**
- *Definition:* The ability of the embedded system to work seamlessly with other systems or devices.
- *Considerations:* Interoperability is important in networked embedded systems, where devices need to communicate and exchange data with each other.
10. **Testability:**
- *Definition:* The ease with which the embedded system can be tested to ensure proper functionality and identify defects.
- *Considerations:* Testability is essential for maintaining system reliability and facilitating efficient debugging and testing processes.
11. **Usability:**
- *Definition:* The extent to which the embedded system is user-friendly and can be easily operated and understood by its intended users.
- *Considerations:* Usability is relevant in applications where human-machine interaction is a key aspect, such as consumer electronics or medical devices.
Understanding and addressing these quality attributes during the design and development phases are crucial for ensuring that embedded systems meet the expectations and requirements of their intended applications.
Embedded Systems Application and Domain Specific
Embedded systems find applications in a wide range of domains due to their versatility and ability to perform specific tasks efficiently. Their design and functionality are tailored to meet the unique requirements of different application domains. Here are some notable domains where embedded systems play a crucial role:
1. **Automotive Systems:**
- *Applications:* Engine control units (ECUs), anti-lock braking systems (ABS), airbag systems, in-vehicle infotainment (IVI), advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS), telematics.
2. **Medical Devices:**
- *Applications:* Patient monitoring systems, infusion pumps, implantable medical devices (pacemakers, insulin pumps), diagnostic equipment, medical imaging systems.
3. **Consumer Electronics:**
- *Applications:* Smartphones, smart TVs, digital cameras, gaming consoles, wearables (smartwatches, fitness trackers), home automation systems.
4. **Industrial Automation:**
- *Applications:* Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs), Distributed Control Systems (DCS), process control systems, robotics, supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems.
5. **Aerospace and Defense:**
- *Applications:* Avionics systems, radar systems, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), military communication systems, missile guidance systems.
6. **Home Automation and Smart Buildings:**
- *Applications:* Smart thermostats, lighting control systems, security and surveillance systems, smart locks, energy management systems.
7. **Telecommunications:**
- *Applications:* Base station controllers, network routers and switches, telecommunications infrastructure, satellite communication systems.
8. **IoT (Internet of Things):**
- *Applications:* Connected devices in smart homes, industrial IoT (IIoT), agricultural monitoring systems, smart cities, healthcare IoT devices.
9. **Energy Management:**
- *Applications:* Smart grids, energy monitoring systems, renewable energy systems, home energy management.
10. **Transportation and Logistics:**
- *Applications:* Fleet management systems, traffic control systems, automated ticketing systems, cargo tracking systems.
11. **Entertainment and Multimedia:**
- *Applications:* Audio/video processing systems, digital signal processors (DSPs), set-top boxes, multimedia streaming devices.
12. **Networking and Communication:**
- *Applications:* Network switches, routers, modems, communication protocols, embedded systems in data centers.
13. **Environmental Monitoring:**
- *Applications:* Weather stations, air quality monitoring systems, soil moisture sensors, water quality monitoring.
14. **Retail and Point-of-Sale Systems:**
- *Applications:* Barcode scanners, POS terminals, inventory management systems, electronic shelf labels.
15. **Security Systems:**
- *Applications:* Surveillance cameras, access control systems, alarm systems, biometric identification systems.
These examples illustrate the diverse applications of embedded systems across various domains. Each domain has specific requirements, and embedded systems are customized to meet the unique challenges and constraints of these applications, including real-time operation, low power consumption, reliability, and integration with other components and systems.
Examples: Washing machine, Automotive.
Let's delve into the specific examples of embedded systems in a washing machine and automotive applications:
### Washing Machine:
1. **Microcontroller/Microprocessor:**
- *Role:* Controls the overall operation of the washing machine.
- *Functions:* Manages the wash cycles, motor control, water flow, and other features.
2. **Sensors:**
- *Example:* Water level sensor, temperature sensor, door switch.
- *Role:* Provides feedback to the control system for monitoring and adjusting the washing process.
3. **Actuators:**
- *Example:* Motor, solenoid valves.
- *Role:* Drives the mechanical components, such as the drum, and controls the water inflow/outflow.
4. **User Interface Components:**
- *Example:* LCD or LED display, buttons, and knobs.
- *Role:* Enables user interaction, allowing users to select wash programs, adjust settings, and monitor the status.
5. **Embedded Software (Firmware):**
- *Role:* Controls the washing machine's functions and sequences.
- *Functions:* Manages different wash cycles, water temperature, spin speed, and implements safety features.
6. **Power Supply:**
- *Role:* Provides electrical power to the various components.
- *Example:* Power supply unit with transformers and voltage regulators.
7. **Communication Interface:**
- *Example:* UART for communication between the control unit and sensors.
- *Role:* Facilitates communication between internal components for coordinated operation.
8. **Safety Components:**
- *Example:* Door interlock switch, thermal fuse.
- *Role:* Ensures user safety by preventing the door from opening during operation and protecting against overheating.
9. **Timer:**
- *Role:* Coordinates the timing of different washing phases.
- *Example:* Microcontroller's internal timer or a dedicated timer IC.
### Automotive:
1. **Electronic Control Unit (ECU):**
- *Role:* Manages various functions within the vehicle.
- *Examples:* Engine Control Unit (ECU), Transmission Control Unit (TCU), Airbag Control Unit.
- *Functions:* Regulates engine performance, transmission shifts, and safety features.
2. **Sensors:**
- *Example:* Engine temperature sensor, ABS wheel speed sensors, air quality sensor.
- *Role:* Monitors vehicle parameters, detects faults, and provides data for control systems.
3. **Actuators:**
- *Example:* Fuel injectors, throttle actuator, brake solenoids.
- *Role:* Controls the physical components, such as fuel injection, throttle position, and braking.
4. **Communication Networks:**
- *Examples:* Controller Area Network (CAN), Local Interconnect Network (LIN).
- *Role:* Facilitates communication between different ECUs and sensors for coordinated vehicle operation.
5. **Embedded Software (Firmware):**
- *Role:* Controls and manages various vehicle functions.
- *Functions:* Implements engine control algorithms, transmission shift logic, and safety protocols.
6. **Human-Machine Interface (HMI):**
- *Example:* Infotainment system, instrument cluster.
- *Role:* Provides a user interface for controlling entertainment, navigation, and monitoring vehicle parameters.
7. **Power Supply:**
- *Role:* Supplies power to the electronic components in the vehicle.
- *Examples:* Battery, alternator.
8. **Safety Systems:**
- *Examples:* Anti-lock Braking System (ABS), Electronic Stability Control (ESC), airbag systems.
- *Role:* Enhances vehicle safety by preventing skidding, stabilizing the vehicle, and providing occupant protection.
9. **GPS and Navigation Systems:**
- *Role:* Provides location-based services, navigation assistance.
- *Example:* GPS module, navigation software.
10. **Telematics:**
- *Role:* Enables communication between the vehicle and external systems.
- *Examples:* Onboard diagnostics (OBD) systems, connected car features.
These examples illustrate the integration of embedded systems in everyday appliances like washing machines and critical applications such as automotive systems, showcasing the diverse roles and components involved in each system.
